From 1871-1937 (the life of Ernest Rutherford) marks many political events throughout the world. One example of a political event that happened during this time period is the Meiji Restoration. The Meiji Restoration is the attempt of Japanese monarchs to become an industrialized nation (Bulliet 784). They overthrew the Tokugawa Shogunate and started the Meiji monarchs (Bulliet 785). Another political event that happens during this time period is the Unification of Germany under Chancellor Otto Von Bismarck (Hoffman 1). Lenin the Orator, the leader of the Bolshevik Revolutionaries (Communists), created the N.E.P. or New Economic Policy. This allowed peasants or other smaller business holders to sell their products on their own accord, the only businesses who were maintained under government control were the biggest businesses such as banks and factories (Bulliet 810).